History of Emergency

June 25, 2025June 25, 2025 Deobratshukla

The history of Emergency in India refers to a 21-month period from June 25, 1975 to March 21, 1977, when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency across the country. It is one of the most controversial and debated periods in Indian democratic history.

🔴 Background to the Emergency

Political Situation:
- Indira Gandhi’s popularity had peaked after the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, but soon after, economic and political challenges started mounting.
- Unemployment, inflation, corruption, and shortages of basic goods led to widespread public discontent.
Judicial Crisis:
- On June 12, 1975, the Allahabad High Court found Indira Gandhi guilty of electoral malpractice in the 1971 Lok Sabha elections and invalidated her election.
- The court banned her from holding office for 6 years.
- The opposition demanded her resignation, and mass protests erupted across the country.
JP Movement:
- Led by Jayaprakash Narayan, a former Gandhian, the Total Revolution Movement gathered momentum, calling for the dismissal of Indira Gandhi and restoration of democracy.

⚠️ Proclamation of Emergency

On the night of June 25, 1975, President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, on the advice of Indira Gandhi, declared a national emergency under Article 352 of the Indian Constitution, citing internal disturbances.
This gave the central government sweeping powers.

🔒 Major Features of the Emergency

Suspension of Fundamental Rights:
- Articles 14, 19, 21, and 22 were effectively suspended.
- People lost their right to approach courts for the protection of their rights.
Censorship:
- Strict press censorship was imposed. Newspapers had to get approval before publishing anything.
- Prominent publications like The Indian Express and The Statesman protested by leaving editorials blank.
Arrests and Detentions:
- Over 100,000 people were arrested under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA).
- Leaders from all opposition parties were jailed, including Atal Bihari Vajpayee, L.K. Advani, George Fernandes, and Jayaprakash Narayan.
Forced Sterilization Campaign:
- Led by Sanjay Gandhi (Indira Gandhi’s son), a controversial family planning program was implemented.
- Poor people, especially in rural areas, were coerced into sterilization surgeries, sparking outrage.
Centralization of Power:
- Democratic institutions like Parliament, state governments, and even the judiciary became subservient to the executive.
Constitutional Amendments:
- The 42nd Amendment (1976) was passed, giving vast powers to the Prime Minister and reducing judicial oversight.

🗳️ End of Emergency and Aftermath

Emergency was lifted on March 21, 1977.
General elections were held in March 1977.
Indira Gandhi and the Congress Party suffered a massive defeat.
The opposition Janata Party, led by Morarji Desai, came to power — the first non-Congress government in India.
It was a historic moment for Indian democracy, showing that people could decisively vote out authoritarian rule.

📚 Legacy of the Emergency

Democratic Lessons:
- It remains a reminder of how fragile democracy can be and how constitutional mechanisms can be misused.
- It prompted greater awareness about civil liberties and judicial independence.
Judicial Reforms:
- The Habeas Corpus case (ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla) during the Emergency, where the Supreme Court sided with the government, was later widely criticized.
- In later years, the Supreme Court acknowledged the mistake and strengthened protections for fundamental rights.
Constitutional Safeguards:
- Future governments made changes to ensure Emergency powers are more restricted.
- The 44th Amendment (1978) made it more difficult to declare a national emergency, requiring written advice and cabinet consensus.

🧾 Summary Table

Feature	During Emergency (1975–77)
Declared by	Indira Gandhi (PM), approved by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
Constitutional Article Used	Article 352 (Internal Disturbance)
Civil Liberties	Suspended
Opposition Leaders	Arrested without trial
Press Freedom	Heavily Censored
Key Protest Movement	JP Movement (Total Revolution)
End of Emergency	March 21, 1977
Resulting Election	Congress defeated, Janata Party wins

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ईरान इजराइल में कौन सही कौन गलत और भारत की भूमिका क्या होनी चाहिए

ईरान और इजराइल विवाद एक जटिल ऐतिहासिक, धार्मिक, राजनीतिक और भू-राजनीतिक संघर्ष है। यह सवाल कि “कौन सही है और…

“भगवद्गीता में योग। योगः कर्मसु कौशलम्” — श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता का यह सूत्र न केवल आध्यात्मिक विकास का मार्ग दिखाता है, बल्कि जीवन को तर्क और विवेक से जीने की विधि भी सिखाता है। जहाँ आज योग को एक शारीरिक व्यायाम के रूप में देखा जाता है, वहीं भगवद्गीता योग को एक समग्र जीवनदृष्टि के रूप में प्रस्तुत करती है — मानसिक, नैतिक, और आध्यात्मिक विकास का वैज्ञानिक साधन।—योग की गीता में परिभाषा: केवल आसन नहीं, जीवन जीने की कलागीता में योग का अर्थ केवल शारीरिक आसनों तक सीमित नहीं है। श्रीकृष्ण योग को एक ऐसी जीवन-पद्धति के रूप में प्रस्तुत करते हैं, जहाँ मनुष्य:इंद्रियों को संयमित करता है (इंद्रिय निग्रह),कर्तव्य को बिना फल की आकांक्षा के करता है (निष्काम कर्म),और आत्मा के स्वरूप को पहचानता है (आत्मबोध)।गीता में वर्णित मुख्य योग:1. कर्म योग – कर्म करते हुए फल की आसक्ति का त्याग।2. ज्ञान योग – आत्मा और शरीर का भेदज्ञान।3. भक्ति योग – ईश्वर में पूर्ण समर्पण।4. राज योग / ध्यान योग – मन की चंचलता पर नियंत्रण।इन सभी योगों का उद्देश्य एक ही है — आत्मा को उसकी शुद्ध स्थिति में लाना।—तर्कसंगत दृष्टिकोण: क्या यह आज भी प्रासंगिक है?1. मानसिक स्वास्थ्य के लिए उपयोगीआज जब मनुष्य चिंता, डिप्रेशन, और तनाव से ग्रसित है, तब गीता का “स्थितप्रज्ञ” व्यक्ति — जो सुख-दुख, लाभ-हानि, जय-पराजय में सम रहता है — मानसिक संतुलन का आदर्श बन जाता है। यह एक अत्यंत व्यावहारिक मनोवैज्ञानिक दृष्टिकोण है।2. कार्यस्थल पर उत्पादकता के लिए प्रेरणाकर्मयोग की अवधारणा बताती है कि किसी भी कार्य को उत्कृष्टता से करना ही योग है। यह आज की कॉर्पोरेट संस्कृति के लिए एक नैतिक आधार भी प्रदान करता है — बिना स्वार्थ के, निष्ठा से कार्य करना।3. विज्ञान के साथ सामंजस्यगीता में कहा गया है:”उद्धरेदात्मनात्मानं नात्मानमवसादयेत्” — अर्थात मनुष्य स्वयं को स्वयं ऊपर उठा सकता है।यह सिद्धांत आधुनिक मनोविज्ञान और न्यूरोबायोलॉजी से मेल खाता है, जहाँ ‘सेल्फ-डिसिप्लिन’ और ‘माइंडफुलनेस’ को मानसिक विकास का आधार माना गया है।—योग: गीता की आत्माभगवद्गीता का पूरा संवाद योग के ही इर्द-गिर्द घूमता है। युद्ध भूमि में खड़े अर्जुन का भ्रम और मोह, आत्मबोध और कर्तव्यबोध के माध्यम से समाप्त होता है — यही योग है।योग, अर्जुन को केवल लड़ने की प्रेरणा नहीं देता, बल्कि उसे धर्म, विवेक और आत्मिक बल के साथ जीने की विधि सिखाता है।—निष्कर्षयोग और श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता केवल साधु-संन्यासियों के लिए नहीं, बल्कि हर व्यक्ति के लिए हैं — चाहे वह छात्र हो, गृहस्थ हो, व्यवसायी हो या नेता। गीता में वर्णित योग आज भी एक समय-सिद्ध वैज्ञानिक और तर्कसंगत पद्धति है, जो व्यक्ति को बाह्य और आंतरिक दोनों स्तरों पर शक्तिशाली और स्थिर बनाती है।अतः, यदि आधुनिक युग में शांति, स्थिरता और आत्मविकास चाहिए — तो योग और गीता की ओर लौटना ही एक सशक्त उत्तर है।